Descriptive Essay Sample

Descriptive Essay Sample Descriptive Essay Sample Descriptive Essay Sample:(Excerpt) The first requisite for sexual compatibility in marriage is the abandonment of the self-gratification pattern for the mutual-gratification ideal. This means that each partner instead of seeking a purely personal satisfaction shall seek to make the sexual experience equally satisfactory to the other. This is a high ideal and not always easy to achieve, but the best sex adjustment to be found comes in those cases where this goal is most nearly approached. The very knowledge of mutuality enhances the pleasure of each, as does also the appreciation of each for the thoughtfulness of the other. When one partner satisfies his passion without regard for the satisfaction of the other, there is at first bewilderment, then disillusionment, and finally recoil against being called upon to serve without sharing. Our expert essay writers want to highlight that this may produce frigidity in the wife and a disgust at the sex act that may never be overcome unless she is so fortunate as to come under t he treatment of a competent doctor or psychiatrist. According to our professional writing service, but the ideal of sharing equally the satisfaction of the sexual experience in marriage necessitates knowledge by each of the sex anatomy and psychology of the other. This means that the old conception of the sexual aggressiveness of the male and the sexual passivity of the female must be abandoned. For centuries it was thought that woman had relatively limited sex desire and that, although she might enjoy the sex act and at times even hunger for it, her enjoyment was of a mild, passive type. In fact, so widely was this pattern accepted that it was considered shameful for her to show much sex passion. Any abandonment of inhibitions supposedly denoted an "oversexed" nature and was an attribute of the courtesan. Men, on the other hand, were by nature the possessors of a strong sex urge, so constant as to be easily aroused at almost any time and so powerful that it was a physical necessity to yield to its satisfaction. Such a conception of t he difference between the sex nature of man and woman (evolved in a man-made world) was naturally very convenient to man. Not only did it entitle him to play the dominant role in his conjugal sex life, but it also justified the double standard. Man's sex needs were imperative and must be met in one way or another; woman's sex needs were not so insistent and could easily be satisfied within the bonds of marriage. In addition, you can read other descriptive essays: Descriptive Essay Writing The above descriptive essay writing sample is a short excerpt of a custom essay written by Our descriptive essays writing help is affordable! Even if you need term paper 15 pages, you will be surprised with our prices! Interesting posts: Informative and Surprising Essay Expository Essay English Essay Writing Outline Conclusion Writing Cold War History Essay

Corporation Social Responsibility

Corporation Social Responsibility Executive Summary This paper touches the aspects of corporation social responsibility and the challenges, the world faces with each time a new organization appears and offers its services. It is crucially important to offer proper strategic options in order to be able to control situation, protect environment, and still take leading positions in the chosen industry.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Corporation Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Three major questions about corporation social responsibility and the conflicts between activities, demands, and needs will be discussed in this paper. Personal opinion of how to make an organization more effective and not harmful for environment and society will be offered as well. Corporate Social Responsibility as an Effective Business Opportunity to Companies with a Mix of Stakeholders Strategic options to companies with a mix of stakeholders Nowadays, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is widely discussed by numerous organizations because its main duty is to perform business and, at the same time, to respect the rights of all individuals and to support human welfare (Manakkalathil Rudolf 1995, p. 29). Numerous researches have already showed that the role of stakeholders influences positive development of social responsibility images (Maignan Ralston 2002, p. 497), this is why this sphere has to be studied thoroughly. There is a separate group of stakeholders, called a â€Å"mix of stakeholders†, that includes already overlooked stakeholders or those representatives, who decrease own relevance to the particular project. This mix of stakeholders may touch upon specific aspects, which may become crucial for any other stakeholder (Franklin 2001, p. 288). And such strategic options like improving private health services or prevention of possible inflectional diseases, possibilities to become the ch eapest and the best simultaneously, and domination in the chosen niche of industry by means of multiple donations from different stakeholders. Conflict between luxury branding and environmental concern The cult of luxury branding becomes more and more prevalent day by day (Greene 2008, p. 48), and the concerns about environment, its pollution, and its challenges are also burning enough to pay more and more attention to them (Vos, Sapat, Thai 2002, p. 305). The conflict among these two concepts is obvious, because people are always eager to have wealth and health, and do not bother how to find out the necessary balance. Sustainable business is one of those, who actually cares about these both issues and try to solve this conflict, providing possible benefits to protect environment, and at the same time, be interesting and popular among rich people. The investigations prove that green policy is inherent to many developing companies, and even a new rebellion technological revolution c annot be stopped, the activities of sustainable organizations should prevent the disaster (Fields 2002, 142).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Luxury branding is a good source to earn money and pick out reliable and constant financial supporters, however, when we talk about money, the issue of safe environment becomes less important. It turns out to be very difficult to solve this dilemma and its outcomes become crucial for many business organizations, its stakeholders, and its individuals. Effects on company performance â€Å"Organizations need to be able to manage both change and current business to achieve sustainable growth† (Rogers 2004, p. 21), and also cope with the problems, which prevent citizens from safe existence. People face numerous problems, which cannot be solved within a short period of time, and such challenges like pollution of e nvironment, child labour abuses, or unanswered health issues bothers many organizations (Guarnieri Kao 2008, p. 36). However, there are always some kind of hope that proves the ability to bridge the dilemma and fight against the conflicts within organizations and the world. And one of the first steps, which have to be taken, is the recognition of the problem and identification that human activities, aimed at satisfying personal demands, are the grounds for environmental problems (Quinn, JB Quinn, JF 2000, p. 45). Evaluation of risks, identification of brands, and attention to human resources – these points have to be taken into account as well in order to solve dilemma and conflict of human needs and demands. Personal evaluation of corporation social responsibility Porter and Kramer (2006) admit that government and numerous activists become involved into the development of sustainable business, however, remain to be unable to predict social consequences (p. 78). I think tha t the activities of such organizations like Toyota, Volvo, or Whole Foods Market may be introduced like the best examples of how to carry out their corporate social responsibilities and offered for the companies (Converse, Chateau Latour, or Artemis S. A), led by Mr. Pinault. First of all, it is necessary to pay much attention to such issues like private health services, because only health workers are able to present good products and bring benefits to the company. Another important idea that has to be admitted by Mr. Pinault is that social responsibilities imply certain pricing, and this pricing is closely connected to society and its well-being (Smith 2003, p. 52). This is why it is necessary to care about the financial support of each organization and not to waste money on searching more investors, because Mr. Pinault may allow any kind of investing independently, but concentrate on such issues like health, personal achievements, and care about workers.Advertising We wil l write a custom critical writing sample on Corporation Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List of References Fields, S 2002, ‘Sustainable Business Makes Dollars Sense’, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 142. Franklin, AL 2001, ‘Involving Stakeholders in Organizational Processes’, International Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 24, no.4, pp.385-403 Greene, L 2008, ‘The Teen Takeover’, The Daily Mail, October, p.48. Guarnieri, R. Kao, T 2008, ‘Leadership and CSR – a Perfect Match’, People Strategy, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 34-41. Maignan, I., Ralston, D 2002, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and the US: Insights from Businesses Self Presentations’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 33 No.3, pp.497-514. Manakkalathil, J., Rudolf, E 1995, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility in a Globalizing Marketâ€⠄¢, SAM Advanced Management Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, pp.29-32. Porter, M.E. Kramer, M.R 2006, ‘Strategy Society’, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 84 No. 12, pp. 78-92.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Quinn, JF Quinn, JB 2000, ‘Forging Environmental Markets’, Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No.3, pp. 45. Rogers, M 2004, ‘Capabilities for Sustainable Business Success’, Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No.1, pp.21. Smith, C 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?’, California Management Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 52-76. Vos, JJ, Sapat, A, Thai, KV 2002, ‘Blaming the Victim: The Role of Decision-Makers in the Occurrence of Environmental Injustice’, International Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 23, pp. 305. Bibliography http://wetland.org/ About environmental concern http://mallenbaker.net/ Corporate Social Responsibility https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility#Brand_differentiation Corporate Social Responsibility https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pinault Francois Pinault

Case Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Scenario - Essay Example On the other hand, it has been recommended that the committee should not offer the same green light to Greenpeace to conduct a protest at the shopping mall since this can lead to public disorder. The paper seeks to discuss the ethical and legal ramifications based on the DRNC Scenario. The paper will outline the issues, their implications and the measures that can be taken in order to resolve the issue at hand. The paper will also discuss the recommendations that can be implemented to address the issues raised. 1. Based on the fictional account story of planning and preparation leading up to the mythical Democratic-Republican National Convention (DRNC) event in Miami, Florida, it can be noted that there are potential legal claims that are likely to be raised by private citizen seriously injured by the use of the LRADs if the decision is made by the Sub-Committee to purchase them after relying solely on the manufacturers claims and instructions as to their use. It can be seen that LRAD’s can cause considerable pain and discomfort to people standing within their range though the manufacturers deny this claim. This has been revealed by Hayes who states that: â€Å"yes, in a way it is, but the company that sells them does not consider them to be a less-lethal weapon†¦ it doesn’t rise to that level†¦ at least according to them.† In the event that there was insufficient time to test the device and train officers in their use before the Convention and it has also be en assumed that the Sub-Committee concluded that the value of the LRADs use in crowd control outweighed any risk of harm caused by their use, it can be noted that the potential liability of the individual officer using the device is negligence which falls under tort law. Basically, negligence is described as a civil wrong which results in the breach of duty care owed to the neighbour by another person

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report Research Paper

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report - Research Paper Example Absolute care is therefore necessary for pregnant mothers during delivery to ensure that in the case of such emergencies appropriate attendance can be given (Flamm, 2003). In the US alone, this occurrence has contributed to several deaths with the Department of Health in Illinois raising alarm over the increased deaths in the related areas. It has therefore been an issue of national interest and should be looked into with much care to reduce the preventable morbidity experienced in the areas. Preventive measure of this condition is thus important in relation to the loss of lives experienced in the hospitals during births. In this regard, a practicum and a simulation was done in this relation to give an account of what is the problem is, this was done in the hospital environment and a report given ultimately (Derrick, 2012). Because of the increased deaths associated with postpartum hemorrhage, this simulation was aimed at identifying areas that needed reinforcement so that it can be ascertained that the hospital system for the care is up to standard. The cause of death has remained speculative and as a rule, there are prerequisites that must be present in the hospital environment to facilitate such cases in the hospital (Davidson, 2009). This simulation was aimed at gauging the preparedness of the hospital in dealing with such emergency cases in the hospital. In most cases, inadequate preparations to some of the emergencies in the hospital environment is also a contributing factor to occurrence of deaths, the simulation program was thus intended to give all round account of the contributing factors in this situation (Arulkumaran, 2012). Several causative agents can lead to the condition occurring in mothers at delivery period. Some of the much known cause of the condition are; the retention of the placenta in the womb of the mother during after birth, trauma, uterine atony, and coagulopathy, this is commonly known as the four Ts (Lynch, 2006). The

International Hospitality Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Hospitality Analysis - Essay Example The sector has been through several upheavals. When the economic performs well the consumer confidence is high and people are keen to spend their disposable incomes on holidays and easting out. As the same time, the sector is also sensitive to unforeseen events beyond its control – like threats of terrorist attacks, foot or mouth crisis and the bird-flu outbreak (LSC 2006). In addition, there are other drivers of change which include minimum wage and holiday entitlement, health and safety, no-smoking legislation. The economy becomes affected due to changes in legislation, changing market forces, and periods of recession and inflation (Wilson et al. 1997). In fact everything from the impact of globalization to consumer savings can impact this sector. Hospitality is the fastest growing industry and exhibits tremendous diversity both with respect to the types of job available and the workers. As far as the human resource is concerned, there is a huge demand in the sector but the availability of staff is difficult. This sector is characterized by low rates of pay, high staff turnover, low levels of training, low skills levels, unsocial hours, seasonal nature of work, predominance of casual staff, and the non-professional image of the industry (LSC 2006). This sector traditionally recruits a young workforce yet the biggest challenge that this sector faces is that of skills shortages. The local people are reluctant to enter this sector because of low wages and job uncertainties. The hospitality sector in the developed countries is facing labor shortages and can expect to face even greater shortages in the future (Choi et al. 2000). As per the economic law of supply and demand, this means that the sector needs to offer higher wages to attract skilled staff as there is short supply of staff. If the sector offers higher wages, the profitability is affected specially during economic downturn. As such the hospitality managers need to prepare themselves for the future. In

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay In Existentialism is a Humanism, Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) presents an accessible description of existentialism. A key idea of existentialism—and of the human condition— is that existence precedes essence. The essence of something is its meaning, its intended purpose. A paper cutter is made to cut paper; that is its point. Humans, however, do not have an essence. Man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. We have no greater purpose, no pre-determined plan, no ultimate meaning. We have, in Sartre’s words, no human nature, since there is nothing (e.g. God) outside of us which would conceive of it for us. We are simply here, and it is up to us to define ourselves. Responsibility Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. We have choice, we have subjectivity, and we choose what we will make ourselves to be; we are entirely responsible for our existence: Thus, existentialism’s first move is to make every man aware of what he is and to make the full responsibility of his existence rest on him. This thought is often not easily accepted. ‘Subjectivity’ is a word that riles up many. â€Å"If everything is subjective then nothing is objective; nothing is absolute! Our values are nothing more than our whims! Nothing is right or wrong! Rabble, rabble, rabble!† Sartre replies that, â€Å"it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity.† He isn’t saying â€Å"I prefer subjectivity over objectivity,† he’s asking, â€Å"how can we possibly not be subjective?† Even the religious individual who believes that morality is absolute and comes from God must, at some point, choose to bel ieve that this is the case. Our responsibility is a blessing and a curse. It leads us to feel things like anguish, forlornness, and despair. Anguish We experience anguish in the face of our subjectivity, because by choosing what we are to do, we ‘choose for everyone’. When you make a decision you are saying â€Å"this is how anyone ought to behave given these circumstances.† Many people don’t feel anguish, but this is because they are â€Å"fleeing from it.† If you don’t feel a sense of anxiety when you make decisions, it’s because you are forgetting about your â€Å"total and deep responsibility† toward yourself and all of humanity. Forlornness Forlornness is the idea that â€Å"God does not exist and that we have to face all the consequences of this.† There is no morality a priori. There is no absolute right or wrong. There is no ultimate judge. This is a very distressing idea. As Dostoievsky said, â€Å"If God didn’t exist, everything would be possible [permissible].† Without God we have nothing to cling to. â€Å"There is no determinism, man is free, man is freedom. [] We have no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct.† In other words, we have no excuses, and we are entirely responsible for our decisions. What are our values? The only way to determine them is to make a decision. At the end of the day, your ideals aren’t what matter; what matters is what you actually did. Despair Despair arises because we only have power to change things that are within our power to change—and there is a lot we cannot change. Reality is impartial and out of your control, except for small aspects of it here and there. We despair because we can never have full control of the future. What Will Happen Will Happen Tomorrow, after my death, some men may decide to set up Fascism, and the others may be cowardly and muddled enough to let them do it. Fascism will then be the human reality, so much the worse for us. Regardless of what is right or wrong, good or bad, and regardless of whether these are absolutes or not, â€Å"things will be as man will have decided they are to be.† What will happen will happen and humanity will be entirely responsible for what it does. Does this mean we ought to become passively accepting of what will happen? Sartre says the exact opposite. Does that mean that I should abandon myself to quietism? No. [] Quietism is the attitude of people who say, â€Å"Let others do what I can’t do.† The doctrine I am presenting is the very opposite of quietism, since it declares, â€Å"There is no reality except in action.† Moreover, it goes further, since it adds, â€Å"Man is nothing else than his plan; he exists only to the extent that he fulfills himself; he is therefore nothing else than the ensemble of his acts, nothing else than his life. No Excuses This is why existentialism horrifies some people. It puts such a burden of responsibility squarely on their shoulders. They can’t stand to think they were at fault for not being a great or successful person, for having no great friendships or love. They think they are the victim of circumstances; they haven’t had the proper education, leisure, or incentives; they haven’t found the right person yet; they haven’t had the opportunity to show their greatness. Sartre, however, says that â€Å"The coward makes himself cowardly, the hero makes himself heroic.† The artist is an artist because of the works of art he created, not because of what he could have created. The mathematician is famous for the math he did, not what he maybe could have done. We find that this is â€Å"a harsh thought to someone whose life hasn’t been a success.† We are responsible for our successes and failures. But at the same time, this harshness forces us to face the incredibly important fact that: Reality alone is what counts. Sartre sees these views not as a pessimism, but as an â€Å"optimistic toughness.† Optimistic in that we are the rulers of our lives; our destiny is within our hands; we are encouraged to take action. Sartre summarizes his idea of optimism and action in the following passage. Thus, I think we have answered a number of the charges concerning existentialism. You see that it can not be taken for a philosophy of quietism, since it defines man in terms of action; nor for a pessimistic description of man—there is no doctrine more optimistic, since man’s destiny is within himself; nor for an attempt to discourage man from acting, since it tells him that the only hope is in his acting and that action is the only thing that enables a man to live. Is Choice Arbitrary? Sartre ends this piece with a further defence of subjectivism, in which I wish he had gone into a little more detail. He says people are still not satisfied with the idea of subjectivism, and objections usually come in one of the following forms: 1. â€Å"Well then, you’re able to do anything, no matter what! You’re promoting anarchy!† But this isn’t the point. It is not possible to not choose. In not making a choice you are still choosing not to choose. Choice is inescapable; we are â€Å"condemned to be free† because we are human, whether or not we are existentialists. 2. â€Å"You can’t pass judgement on others, because there’s no reason to prefer one idea to another!† We can still hold values, and values appear out of the choices we make. Through our actions (as an individual and as a group), we create ethics. 3. â€Å"Everything about your choice is arbitrary!† We define ourselves through our actions, â€Å"in relationship to involvement.† And as we make ourselves—as we make choices—it is absurd to say we are choosing arbitrarily.

Advantages of integrating arts into the curriculum

Advantages of integrating arts into the curriculum The purpose of this paper is to investigate the advantages of integrating arts into the curriculum. Looking closely at students with communication disorders, the immeasurable possibilities to aid them with verbal communication aids are never-ending. It is important for educators to acknowledge the success that has been demonstrated when students involve themselves in their learning as well as in their ability to communicate. Arts integration is an educational approach that creates a level of personal connection, as well as an appreciation for different learning styles. An emphasis on the process of discovery with the arts allows for unexpected outcomes. Teachers help students to develop more complex thinking skills, and add depth in the classroom through a creative analysis of the work created. The work is looked at for its meaning rather than its visual appeal. Using the arts can assist students in verbal understanding, focusing and concentration. Ranging from speech disorders to de velopmental disorders, the idea of art as therapy is never looked at as an alternative within the school system. I will be using the utilization of art integration in the school system as a way to analyze the success of students with speech therapy issues. With the increase in the number of students that need help with speech issues, the variety of methods that teachers are able to use should also expand. By using various strategies teachers demonstrate how the arts ignite creativity and enhance learning. Arts integration as a form of speech therapy in the Elementary Schools has a positive impact on the oral language and overall comprehension in elementary age children. The art as a method for assisting verbal communication in learning-disabled students combines articulation and language skills. Incorporating professional speech pathology strategies, the use of the arts looks at things that might assist the children in not only speaking but also progressing in creating their own communication. The events created are built on a foundation of methods, enhanced by current research, and techniques that have been successful in many experiences. (Estrella, 2005) Can we think beyond the developmental stages in art that we have taken for granted for so long and that have implicitly limited the possibilities of experiences and materials that we have offered children? (Mason 2006) It is important that all educators acknowledge the success that has been demonstrated when students involve themselves in their learning. Arts integration is an educational approach that creates a level of personal connection, as well as an appreciation for different learning styles, for both professor and student. Before finding the answer to questions regarding art in relation to communication it is necessary to understand the background, history, and importance of what Art Therapy is. Although similarly different, Art Integration and Art Therapy are similar notions but different practices. With a general concentration on combining art into the curriculum, Art Integration is a general education tool. While art therapy focuses solely on the use of art in relation to verbal exercises. Art Therapy by definition is a form of psychotherapy; in psychotherapy there is an exploration of feelings and concerns in nonverbal and verbal exercises that use simple visual art materials. Art therap y focuses on the creative processes possible for a person instead of what they are able to produce. Perplexing and difficult feelings are able to be expressed through using Art Therapy because it is presented in a non-threatening manner. It is used to encourage insight, self-awareness, and independence of the patient. Teachers help students to develop more complex thinking skills, and add depth in the classroom through a creative analysis. Those who utilize Art Therapy often feel they are able to communicate and gain understanding within various communicational aspects through it. Art Therapy is said to help in a creative process that a person goes through in which they can find inner guidance and find self-healing at a conscious level.(Ulman, 1975) Art Therapy can be expressed through storytelling, poetry, music, dance, visual arts, painting, sculpture, and any other type of creativity activity.(Ulman, 1975) Many Art Therapists believe that there is growing a stronger connection be tween art and healing and believe that Art Therapy is significant to a persons health. In an article entitled Expressive Therapy: An Integrated Arts Approach expressive  therapist Estrella, discusses expressive  arts  therapy, integrative  arts  therapy, and therapy as an all-purpose treatment for children with communicative as well as learning disabilities. Her idea of interrelatedness of the arts takes an integrated approach to the use of the arts as a tool for psychotherapy. Also referred to as expressive arts therapy, integrative arts therapy, multimodal expressive therapy, or intermodal expressive therapy, according to the author this represents a discipline rooted in philosophical, cultural/historical, and clinical models that each support the unique contributions that an interdisciplinary approach to the arts affords. (Estrella 2005) Using the arts can assist students in understanding, focusing and concentrating. Arts integration in the Elementary Schools has a positive impact on the language, oral as well as overall comprehension in elementary age children. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the advantages of integrating and effectively using the arts in the curriculum as a therapy tool, for students with language as well as communication disorders. Furthermore, this paper will evaluate the arts as an integration tool to encourage mainstreaming of LD (Learning Disabled) students into the classroom. By using these various strategies teachers demonstrate how the arts ignite creativity and enhance learning. There is a growing recognition of the arts as intrinsically interdisciplinary.(Estrella, 2005) Recent research tends to stress the negative impact of knowledge on drawing, the extent to which what children know about an object prevents them from drawing what they see. (Giles 2004) The arts too many educators are viewed as leisure activity, non-academic, and irrelevant to the employment world. An integrative approach to teaching, for example, connects visualization with reading comprehension, contextualizes math, or brings an experiential context to the science or social studies classroom.(Estrella 2005) Funding for art education in many schools both public and private has significantly reduced or completely been cut. Government officials at state or city levels feel the need for art education is not as significant as the need for more academic based programs like mathematics, history, science and social studies. Studies proposed to make a cut of 35.6 million dollars in art education (FY 2006 Ed Budget Summary, 2005). Officials see art education as something that is impeding on their students academic careers, rather than helping them. Using the arts can assist students in understanding and applying skills to standardized exams. Focus and concentration can be d eveloped through an appreciation and appliance of different learning styles, such as linguistic, visual or kinesthetic thinking.(Estrella 2005) Through the integration of insight into cognition (thinking) and expression (acting) students perform at a higher level. Although art therapy has been used in some fashion beginning in the first half of the twentieth century, its range of helpful effects is still only partially explored today. (Appel 2006) Therapists constantly invent new ways to use the arts to assist people with a variety of disabilities and psychological problems. However, it was not until about one hundred years ago that doctors began to record descriptions of spontaneous artwork done by their patients. (Appel 2006) The emotional development of children, fostered through encouragement of spontaneous creative expression and self-motivated learning, should take precedence over the traditional intellectual approach to the teaching of standardized curriculum(Appel 2006). Not only does it encompass less threatening, non-verbal techniques with patients that have profound difficulty verbalizing their feelings and though ts; it can be used to open and expand verbal communication, as well.(Geist 2008) Art therapy, is meant to function as a way of supporting ego functioning by enhancing a sense of identity and self-esteem and in the process, fostering maturation in the patient.(Ulman 2005) In other words, Art therapy complements or supports psychotherapy but does not replace it. An entity of its own, psychotherapy, although an effective therapy method, would be used with art therapy rather than by itself. From the earliest days of psychoanalysis, the making of art was viewed according to the analysts theoretical stance.  By examining the patients conscious mind art therapy is still engaged in this fashion as an attachment to logical treatment. This concept has also had a considerable impact on the broader field. (Strand 2006) There are many fields of study that focus on children and their needs whether it may be mental, social or physical, one of these fields of study is child psychology. Child psychology is a form of study that allows understanding the developmental stages of children and what should be expected of them during their different stages. But art therapy permits us to understand children at a different level, a more intimate level, allowing us to view more in-depth the mind of a child. By understanding the developmental and behavioral stages of children, therapists can better identify what is hindering the child from proper and age appropriate communication. The theory that encompasses ideas to increase aid for students with developmental disorders touched upon by theorist Lev Vygotsky, who states that culture gives the child the cognitive tools needed for development.  Vygotskys zone of proximal development is one of his best-known concepts. The overall role of the speech-language patholog ist is the integration of fluency-shaping and stuttering modification approaches. The author goes in detail about how well children represent events seeming in their world in relation to speech. The authors concept in relation to Vygotsky and his theory of Scaffolding which argues that students can, with help from adults or children who are more advanced, master concepts and ideas that they cannot understand on their own, connects directly through a process of using what the students already know, to develop the things they need help with. Those who argue against funding arts education need to take a closer look at what art education does for a child. With the constant need for extracurricular activities resources in the schools are limited, with too much emphasis on instruction time; students lose the opportunity to express themselves as individuals. As displayed in the graph above, a 2003 study of a Minneapolis Elementary school system showed the overall amount of students that had integration in schooling had an impactful increase in the amount on their reading score. The pink line representing the English Language Learners showed a valuable increase in the total reading scores increased in relation to the amount of integration incorporated. Likewise, the amount of students qualifying for free lunch had a measurable increase due to an increase of arts integration. Researchers have found that enriched arts education bridges gaps created by socioeconomic and language barriers because art is a shared language and skill that all children understand. Likewise, research has shown through the graph that Low-SES students involved in music programs outscored low-SES no-music students on the referenced mathematics assessment. Low-SES students who were more involved in drama activities had greater reading proficiency and a more positive self-concept, and the gaps widened over time, as compared to low-SES students with little or no involvement. With the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, some states and districts have dramatically cut back their arts programs as well as decreased funding for arts education; the number of art, music, and drama teachers; and the time chosen in schools for art related activities. But in many instances there is a lack of knowledge about art and its therapeutic forms, among caregivers as well as among those who could benefit from it. As Ulman points out, the term Art Therapy is used to refer to a variety of practices with many different aims, noting that there are numerous different kinds of qualifications. What all art therapy has in common, however, is that engaging in an art practice is used in some attempt to assist integration or reintegration of personalities.(Ulman 2005) Similarly, an interview from the mother of a now, 11 year old son states that when he was 5- 8 years old he participated in art/play therapy and states that, It (art therapy) has helped him to accept himself the way he is.   He had difficulty feeling like he was different from other children and the play/art therapy has helped him understand to accept the differences as positive aspects of his life. (N. Gidney, personal communication, February 14, 2010) In a 2010 article about funding in schools, Holly Lambert, a teacher at Morgan School in uptown Charlotte, is reaching out to the ASC (Arts Science Council) for up to $60,000 through a web site that raises money and matches donations to go towards the arts education across the United States (DonorsChoose.org). Lambert and many of her colleagues are submitting requests for musical instruments, art supplies and other materials on a special page:  donorschoose.org/asc. The ASC will match up to $30,000. The need for resources is ever growing and will continue to increase as funding decreases. (Brown, 2010)    Teachers often find themselves in a field without formal recognized certification; working within schools art teachers or classroom teachers, often have to teach in their own art field, because a standard art inclusion curriculum isnt provided. Meanwhile, boards of education, principals, and state legislatures are pressing for reading, mathematics, science, and social studies achievement, placing the arts in schools at risk. In this graph it displays a fifth grade classroom, focusing on males. This shows, likewise to the other graph, a significant increase in the reading scores in relation to the amount of integration. The more integration allowed, the better the students scores ended up, especially in males. Students performing below the standard or nearly meeting the standard, require educational opportunities that partner their learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal) with their areas of weakness (verbal linguistic, logical/mathematical). (Wadeson 1980) Q: Do the arts transform the environment for learning? Language for the students should strive at all times to develop an atmosphere that encourages verbal communication. In this, interviewer N. Gidney states that her sons communication skills have increased through play therapy.   Through the play therapy we have learned new ways to communicate with each other. I have learned a lot about the way he communicates and it has helped my son to feel more comfortable talking to me about subjects he may not have if it was not for the therapy. (N. Gidney, personal communication, February 14, 2010) Likewise, there must be times of quiet during the school day for individualized instruction, but in integrating art into the curriculum it encourages and helps develop independent working skills. In providing enriching language activities more can be made of group activities. The idea of social exchange is evident when looking at the things that encourage students to speak to each other rather than think independently. The development of language skills is important for successful interpersonal communication. Geist argues in an article entitled Integrating Music Therapy Services and Speech-Language Therapy Services for Children with Severe Communication Impairments: A Co-Treatment Model, how preschool children with speech-language disorders demonstrated social communication skills in basic group music activities with their non-disabled peers. This text connects directly to BF Skinners behaviorism theory stating that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behav ior are the result of an individuals response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. The effectiveness of arts activities relating to the overall goals of a special needs students as well as the overall goals of the academic curriculum. Perceptual training through the arts is emphasized, and teachers guides to problems related to slow learners as well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Although researchers involved with child art have long insisted that art is far more tightly interwoven in the fabric of human learning than contemporary Western culture tends to admit, the complex socio cultural and historical reasons for the peripheral position of art in North American schools and preschools remain to be fully explicated, widely understood, and revised in action. (Geist 2008) By using and integrating art into lessons, techniques to broaden language experiences using activities that are divergent from the traditional instructional processes, bombard the child with experiences and specific uses of language, exposing them to a variety of modes of expression, encouraging listening skills, thinking skills, and opportunities for talking. Often times the language distorted child feels self-conscious in speaking before others. The child is often misunderstood, resulting in a reluctance to attempt further verbal communication, resulting in looking for ways of dealing with this hesitancy to talk. With the integration of various art forms, these students with communication disorders or an inability to verbalize become responsible for expressing themselves to other children through a range of media. Drawings are believed to reflect the subjects mental representations and conceptual knowledge about the objects they draw. Drawings become more accurate and detailed as childrens mental models of the world become more extensive and differentiated. (Gardner 2006) Certain forms of arts instruction enhance and complement basic reading instruction aimed at helping children break the phonetic code that unlocks written language by associating letters, words and phrases with sounds, sentences and meanings. Since we do not read reading but rather texts of various kinds in search of meaning, it is important that forms of arts instruction promote both basic reading skills and the achievement motivation that engages young learners in the reading experience. Children develop the ability to write, read, speak, listen, and think by having real experiences with motor activities, reading, speaking, writing, listening, and thinking, and by getting support from experienced learners. Integrating the arts means that the elements of creativity are developed and taught with a set of common experiences. (Gardner 2006) There are many advantages to integrating the arts in relation to speech therapy. Children learn all aspects of language by using language in purposeful situations as well as in situations they enjoy. By integrating the arts into therapy methods, we put children in situations that match the way in which they naturally learn and use language. By integrating the arts for children with communication delays, children develop better critical thinking abilities. A treatment for many kids with speech and or language disorders refers to a problem with the actual production of sounds, where a language disorder refers to a difficulty understanding or putting words together to communicate ideas. As defined, a speech or communication disorder is characterized by the following: Articulation disorders include difficulties producing sounds in syllables or saying words incorrectly to the point that other people cant understand whats being said. Fluency disorders include problems such as  stuttering, the condition in which the flow of speech is interrupted by abnormal stoppages, repetitions (st-st-stuttering), or prolonging sounds and syllables (ssssstuttering). Resonance or voice disorders include problems with the pitch, volume, or quality of the voice that distract listeners from whats being said. These types of disorders may also cause pain or discomfort for the child when speaking. Dysphasia/oral feeding disorders, including difficulties with eating and swallowing. (Sutton 24) Because language disorders can be either passionate or significant, therapy should focus on children who have difficulties understanding language as well as those who difficulty putting words together, limited vocabulary, or inability to use language in a socially appropriate way. Including art, books, objects as well as constant events, these aid in the stimulation of language development. Repetition as well as exercises to build speech and language skills help with articulation or sound production. With the variety of reasons why children need speech therapy, the arts in collaboration relates to cognitive (intellectual thinking) or other developmental delays and motor problems. Certain music instruction, including inclusive instruction that includes spatial training, develops spatial reasoning and spatial-temporal reasoning skills, which are fundamental to understanding and using mathematical ideas and concepts. Learning in individual art forms as well as in multi-arts experiences engages and strengthens fundamental capacities as spatial reasoning, including organizing and sequences, conditional reasoning, theory and consequences, problem solving, and creative thinking. Those officials that are not fighting the budget cuts made towards music education are becoming a part of the reason that current youth will suffer a loss in education. The attitude that math and science are the most valuable subjects to learn is carried over in the budget debate. It has made the whole idea of publicly funded fine arts projects seem wasteful and frivolous. Students who were achieving at academic expectation scored high on all rhythmic tasks, while many of those who scored lower on the rhythmic test achieved below academic expectation. If music education keeps being disregarded, America will suffer by losing a unique opportunity to educate children and keep them in school. Creative thinking skills are improved, by using the side of their brains that dont get used in math and science. Geist argues that music therapy can be integrated with speech therapy and service as an effective method for children with communication delays. This argument is that with the integration of communication arts through music effective speech-language services are set. Through mutual models with procedures, experiences, and communication outcomes demonstrate how preschool children with speech-language disorders demonstrated social communication skills in basic group music activities with their non-disabled peers. However, many professionals are working carefully to improve procedures to address the varied and sometimes complex communication and educational needs of children with disabilities (Geist 2008). Sublimation is a topic that is notorious in art therapy, where some art therapists support the concept and others dismiss it. According to Ulman, author of Art Therapy, only on the basis of sublimation can the function of art and full potential of art therapy be adequately understood (8). While some art therapists believe that the therapeutic value of art therapy can only be achieved through sublimation, many others have witnessed the positive effects art therapy can have in individuals who do not achieve sublimation. This text relates directly to my topic in that through the theorist Freud and his Artistic Sublimation theory. Which states Sublimation is the transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful. This can simply be a distracting release or may be a constructive and valuable piece of work, in relation to art. Sublimation channels this energy away from destructive acts and into something that is socially acceptable and/or creatively effective. Typically, an Art Therapy assessment involves the therapists giving the client a series of five or six art tasks, using a variety of media. These tasks relate to the students perception of self, his or her family, and school, or other aspects of their environment. These drawings and the students behavior while approaching this task are then evaluated along with developmental, family, and academic history. It is important to note that childrens progress in drawing differs significantly across the cultural spectrum. A person who uses art as an assessment tool needs to be familiar with the art children are exposed to and the culture they are from, before making an evaluation. Ulman describes sublimation as instinctual behavior is replaced by a social act in such a manner that this change is experienced as a victory over the ego (balance between reality, primitive drives, morals) (p. 8). According to Ulman, Artistic sublimation consists in the creation of visual images for the purpose of communicating to a group very complex material which would not be available for communication in any other formà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Every work of art contains a core of conflicting drives which give it life and determine form and content to a large degree Fine arts educations were not seen as important or even minimally essential, music should be used to help students overcome racial and cultural stereotyping, bias, and insensitivity. Studies have shown the number of years of instrumental music instruction and academic achievement in math, science and language arts are significantly connected. This practice emphasizes the adaptive components that can be put into music integration. Focusing but not limiting to autistic students, Geist claims that when paired with music, speech contributes to feelings that need to be expressed. What students are able to learn, as well as retain through the arts is demonstrated in a variety of mediums. Young children who engage in dramatic enactments of stories and text improve their reading comprehension, story understanding and ability to read new materials they have not seen before. The effects are even more significant for children from economically disadvantaged circumstances and those with reading difficulties in the early and middle grades. In looking at dance integration researchers suggest it encourages pro-social behaviors as well as self-control. The ability to express oneself through dance shows a significant decrease in the frequency of negative behaviors. These techniques were introduced using movement, childrenrsquos stories and discussion. Using dance in the classroom, results have shown that teachers noticed a significant decrease in violent behavior in their students. Including fights, failing to pacify, being frustrated as well as not being able to control their emotions. The children reported significant decreases of these behaviors both seen and experienced: someone is doing something wrong, and someone throwing something. Significant changes in the students perceptions and feelings about experiencing or seeing aggression were noted in their not feeling happy. The use of dance in the classroom allows students to handle themselves and responding to certain situations. Research in dance showed an increase of ldquofeeling happy,rdquo and a decrease in ldquofeeling scared.rdquo (Wadeson 1980) Cognitive psychologists continue to undertake studies related to childrens art experiences, operating within an established consensus regarding the nature of age related changes in childrens drawings observes persistent interest among his colleagues in childrens passage from intellectual to visual realism. (Purnell 2004) Art therapy is a therapy technique that did not position its existence until the 1940s (Sutton 12).  Originally techniques used in art therapy were used in other form of therapy such psychoanalysis or the method of understanding mental life. In which a person would illustrate spontaneously and use free-association.     Art therapy gives children both verbal and nonverbal outlets.  Ã‚  In art therapy the whole creative of art is recognized: form, content, and individual meaning. Art therapy helps in reconciling emotional conflicts as well as promoting self-awareness and personal growth. (Mishook 2006) The process of creating art is rather simple, while the field of art therapy is complex.  Creating art in a therapeutic setting the child goes through a process.  Ã‚  Focusing on a feeling or an event; creating an image that represents the feeling or even; and discussing the significance of the created image (Kramer 1971).  Ã‚  In the creation of an image the client is given a choice of various mediums whether it is drawing, painting, modeling, or construction.  Ã‚   A more structured technique in art therapy is that of the Human Figure Drawing Test by Elizabeth Koppitz.  Ã‚  This technique is used to measure a childs emotional and mental development.  Various depictions of figures have meanings.  Ã‚  According to Koppitz, if child were to draw small figures these would be interpreted as meaning being timid, while large figures would represent aggression. Likewise some of these drawings reveal the relationships between the members of the childs family. According to (Gullant 2008) the Best Practice for Arts Integrated 21st century Learning include the idea that the products created reflect students responsibility for identifying problems and issues, conducting research, examining values, and making reflective decisions within an arts infused curriculum. This also includes active involvement in developmentally appropriate activities results in high-quality works that are a fusion of arts and non-arts disciplines. Gardner refers to the ages between 5 and 7 as the golden age of drawing, and the research teams have devoted considerable attention to the apparent demise of artistry in the middle to late childhood and its unreliable resurgence in adolescence. (Geist 2004) Developmental aspects of childrens drawings    In 1947 Victor Lowenfeld published the book Creative and Mental Growth that was used to connect intellectual growth, psychosocial stages of development, and six stages of development in childrens drawings. Kellogg Foundation (1970) also supported the conclusion that children progress in drawing through different stages, fall into predictable age groups. The Scribble Stage, which appears at about eighteen months to two years of age is said to not just be aimless motion created at random by the child, but demonstrates an awareness of pattern and growing hand-eye coordination. (Silk Thomas, 1990; Lowenfeld Brittain, 1987) Soon after children start scribbling, they will start to name what it was they drew after they have finished drawing it. Around two years of age, children will sometimes label their drawing before they have started working on it, but if the drawing looks like something else to them, they may just change the label. Their scribbles progressively become more recognizable and separate shapes appear on the same page. At around three and a half years, children begin incorporating details like fingers on hands. (Silk Thomas, 1990; Lowenfeld Brittain, 1987) The following stages from ages four to nine consist of two drawing stages, The Pre-Schematic Stage and the Schematic Stage. Both identified by Lowenfeld, the Pre- Schematic stage is when children can draw a human figure with a circle and two dangling lines for legs, sometimes as Lowenfeld states include a